by Microbiology Doctor-dr (doctor-dr)(doctor_dr)
Unit 1: Morphology of Plants and Classification of Organisms:
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748 1836), the inventor of the natural system, identified and assigned traits to over a hundred families, virtually all of which are still recognised today. Systematic botany has never died out since his time. Pyramus de Condolle (1778-1841) established categorization concepts. His work laid the groundwork for nineteenth-century systematists. John Lindley (1799-1865), the founder of the Kew gardens, Sir Joseph Hooker (1817-1911), the author of a series of floras, and George Bentham all collaborated to create new author versions of natural categorization systems.
The work of Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum, is still the cornerstone of all generic classifications. Later, Adolf Engler developed the phylogenetic categorization system, which is based on natural and evolutionary connections between plant groupings. Current methods of categorization were updated and established in the twentieth century by systematists who took into account work in modern disciplines of botany. In most parts of the world, however, Bentham and Hooker's and Engler and Prantll's systems are followed.
Classification Schemes:
Living creatures are divided into numerous major groupings or kingdoms by categorization methods. A kingdom is the broadest classification system for creatures. The following are some of the categorization methods proposed for grouping plants.
Two Kingdom Classification System
All living organisms (excluding viruses) were divided into two kingdoms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: plant and animal.
Haeckel's Kingdom Protista
However, there are certain living organisms that share characteristics of both plants and animals and do not fall naturally into either the plant or animal kingdoms. As a result, E. H. Haeckel, a German biologist, proposed the new kingdom Protista. It comprises unicellular microbes that are neither plants nor animals in most cases. Bacteria, algae, fungus, and protozoa are among these creatures. Some concerns about Haeckel's kingdom Protista remain unresolved, such as what criteria may be used to distinguish a bacterium from yeast or certain tiny algae.
Superkingdoms: Prokaryonta and Eukaryonta
With the invention of the electron microscope, it was revealed that the nuclear material of some cells, such as normal bacteria, was not contained by a nuclear membrane. The nucleus of other cells, such as algae and fungus, was encased in a membrane. As a result of this finding, all living beings were divided into two groups: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are creatures that lack membrane-bound nuclei, mitochondria, and the Golgi complex, such as bacteria, whereas eukaryotes include protozoal fungus and algae. Membrane-bound structures are seen in eukaryotes. Eukaryotes include both plants and animals.
The categorization of living creatures into two superkingdoms, Prokaryonta and Eukaryonta, was suggested by Edwards (1976) and Whittaker and Margulis (1978). Bacteria and blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, belong to the prokaryonta, whereas fungi, plants, and animals belong to the eukaryonta.
